Understanding indigenous beliefs and traditions in enhancing public health in Bhutan

Abstract

Development and economic modernisation have often driven natural resource exploitation and ecological degradation, which, in turn, are closely linked to public health challenges and decline in overall well-being. Amidst this, Bhutan has committed to sustainable development, prioritising long-term environmental and societal well-being over short-term economic gains. Bhutan’s approach to ecological conservation through careful exploration, folktale narration, sacred beliefs, and restoration practices serves as a critical health-enabling strategy, benefiting both the environment and human well-being. While many regions face severe ecological degradation and resource exploitation, Bhutan has successfully conserved and sustainably utilised its natural resources, guided by indigenous beliefs and the developmental philosophy of Gross National Happiness. Together, these approaches offer significant public health co-benefits and support biodiversity, and help sustain ecological systems. This dedication has garnered international acclaim, including several prestigious conservation awards. Bhutan’s indigenous belief systems and conservation strategies warrant preservation and intergenerational transmission. This also underscores the need for scientific research to better understand how these indigenous beliefs may positively impact health, well-being, and quality of life. This Perspective examines selected indigenous beliefs and traditions in Bhutan – including the importance of folktales, terrestrial ecosystem, reverence for sacred mountains and lakes, festival of the Descent of Blessed Water, taboos against open defecation and urination in sacred places, philosophical beliefs concerning mindfulness, karma, and impermanence – and their potential roles in promoting public health and well-being in Bhutan.